Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yaŋgak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From an unknown verb Proto-Turkic *yaŋ- +‎ *-gak.

Akin to Proto-Mongolic *jixag (“walnut”). Compared also Proto-Tungusic *ńaŋta (“cone, nut, fruit stone”), Orok [script needed] (naŋu-, “to crack nuts”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yaŋgak

walnut

Declension

Declension of *yaŋgak

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*yaŋgak
Accusative	yaŋgaknï, yaŋgakïg ⁴⁾, *yaŋgaknïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*yaŋgaknïŋ
Dative	*yaŋgakka
Locative	*yaŋgakda
Ablative	*yaŋgakdan
Allative	*yaŋgakgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*yaŋgakïn
Equative ²⁾	*yaŋgakča
Similative ²⁾	*yaŋgaklayu
Comitative ²⁾	*yaŋgaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- → Old Hungarian: gyivó
  - Hungarian: dió
Common Turkic:

Arghu:
- Khalaj: yağâq
Oghuz:
- Turkish: yangak (dialectal, Elazığ, Sivas)
- Turkmen: ýaňak
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: یَغاقْ (yağak)
  - Uzbek: yong'oq
  - Uyghur: ياڭاق (ya'ngaq)
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: janggʻak
    - Kazakh: жаңғақ (jañğaq)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: жаңгак (jaŋgak)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰍𐰴 (yağaq)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jAŋgak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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barley: *arpa	beans, peas: *burčak	farro, wheat: *bugday
jujube: *yidge	strawberry: *yidgelek	apple: *almïla
hazelnut: *bōńurï	walnut: *yaŋgak	honey: *bạl
millet: *tạrïg	onion: *sōgun	salt: *tūŕ
egg: *yumurtka	butter: *yāg	mushroom: *kömbe
radish: turp, turma	carrot: *turma