Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/altun

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Likely related to Proto-Mongolic *altan (“gold”).[1] Compare Mongolian алт (alt), Dongxiang antang and Daur alt. Also compare Old Chinese 銅 (*doːŋ), which belongs here if the Proto-Turkic word is a compound *āl (“scarlet, red”) +‎ *tun (bronze).[2]

Noun

*altun

gold (metal)

Declension

Declension of *altun

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*altun
Accusative	altunnï, altunug ⁴⁾, *altunnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*altunnïŋ
Dative	*altunka
Locative	*altunta
Ablative	*altuntan
Allative	*altungaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*altunun
Equative ²⁾	*altunča
Similative ²⁾	*altunlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*altunlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Volga Bulgar: الطن (altın)
  - Chuvash: ылтӑн (ylt̬ăn)
Common Turkic: *altun
- Proto-Oghuz: *altun
  - West Oghuz:
    - Old Anatolian Turkish:
      Azerbaijani: altun
      
      Ottoman Turkish: آلتون (altun, altın)
      Gagauz: altın
      
      Turkish: altın
  - East Oghuz:
    - Salar: altun
    - Turkmen: altyn
- Karluk:
  - Karakhanid: اَلْتُونْ (altūn)
    - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (altūn)
      Chagatai: [script needed] (altun)
      Uzbek: oltin
      
      Uyghur: ئالتۇن (altun)
- Kipchak:
  - Kipchak: التن (altın)
    - North Kipchak:
      Bashkir: алтын (altın)
      
      Tatar: алтын (altın)
    - West Kipchak:
      Crimean Tatar: altın
      
      Karachay-Balkar: алтын (altın)
      
      Kumyk: алтын (altın)
      
      Karaim: алтын
      
      Krymchak: алтын
    - South Kipchak:
      Kazakh: алтын (altyn)
      
      Karakalpak: alti’n
      
      Nogai: алтын (altın)
    - East Kipchak:
      Kyrgyz: алтын (altın)
      
      Southern Altai: алтын (altïn)
- Siberian:
  - Old Turkic: 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣 (l¹t¹un¹ /⁠altun⁠/)
    - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (ʾʾltwn /⁠altun⁠/)
      Western Yugur: [script needed] (aʰltïm)
  - North Siberian:
    - Dolgan: алтан (“copper”)
    - Yakut: алтан (altan, “copper”)
  - South Siberian:
    - Sayan Turkic:
      Tuvan: алдын (aldın)
      
      Tofa: аълтан
    - Yeniseian Turkic:
      Khakas: алтын (altın)
      
      Shor: алтын (altın)

References

Nugteren, H. (2011). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT.
Early Contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic Reconstruction, Anna Vladimirovna Dybo

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “altuːn”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Tokat, Feyza (2014) “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎, volume 7, number 32, →ISSN, pages 185-198.
Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT

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[1] Nugteren, H. (2011). Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages. LOT.

[2] Early Contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic Reconstruction, Anna Vladimirovna Dybo


stone: *tiāĺ	iron: *temür	silver: *kümüĺ
gold: *altun	copper: *bakïr	chalk or earth: *bōr
coal: *kömür	salt: *tūŕ	lead: *korguĺčïn