銅

See also: 铜
銅 U+9285, 銅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9285
← 銄
[U+9284] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 銆 →
[U+9286]

Translingual

Han character

銅 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 金月一口 (CBMR), four-corner 87120, composition ⿰釒同)

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1304, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40361
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1806, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4196, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+9285

Chinese
trad. 銅
simp. 铜
Chemical element
Cu
Previous: 鎳／镍 (niè) (Ni)
Next: 鋅／锌 (xīn) (Zn)

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 銅
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (同) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鮦 *duʔ, *doːŋ, *doŋʔ
侗 *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
恫 *tʰoːŋ, *doːŋs
痌 *tʰoːŋ
同 *doːŋ
仝 *zlon, *doːŋ
銅 *doːŋ
桐 *doːŋ
峒 *doːŋ, *doːŋs
硐 *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ
筒 *doːŋ, *doːŋs
洞 *doːŋ, *doːŋs
烔 *doːŋ
挏 *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ
酮 *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ
鲖
眮 *doːŋ, *doːŋʔ, *doːŋs
衕 *doːŋ, *doːŋs
哃 *doːŋ
絧 *doːŋ, *doːŋs
姛 *doːŋʔ
詷 *doːŋʔ, *doːŋs
胴 *doːŋs
駧 *doːŋs
迵 *doːŋs
戙 *doːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).

Etymology

Since metals are typically associated with color, the word is probably related to 彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) (Schuessler, 2007).

The word "copper" occurs in some Southeast Asian languages with initial l- (Sagart, 1999). Examples include Zhuang luengz, Bouyei luangz and Bu-Nao Bunu loŋ², which are early loans from Chinese.

Tibetan དོང་ཙེ (dong tse, “Chinese copper coin”) was borrowed from Chinese 銅子／铜子 (tóngzǐ).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • tông - literary;
  • tâng - vernacular.
    • Wu
      • (Shanghai):
        • Wugniu: 6don
        • MiniDict: don去
        • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3don
        • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doŋ²³/
    • Xiang
      • (Changsha)
        • Wiktionary: dong2
        • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /tʊŋ¹³/
        • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /tən¹³/
Rime
Character 銅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 徒紅切
Baxter duwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /duŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /duŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /duŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /dəwŋ/
Li
Rong		 /duŋ/
Wang
Li		 /duŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /dʱuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 tóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 tung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 銅
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 tóng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ duwng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[l]ˁoŋ/
English bronze, copper

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 銅
Reading # 1/1
No. 12448
Phonetic
component		 同
Rime
group		 東
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 同
Old
Chinese		 /*doːŋ/

Definitions

銅

  1. (chemistry) copper (Cu)
  2. bronze
  3. a surname

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 銅 (“copper”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 銅
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 銅
Mandarin Beijing 銅
Taiwan 銅
Jinan 銅
Xi'an 銅
Wuhan 銅
Chengdu 銅
Guilin 銅
Yangzhou 銅
Hefei 銅
Cantonese Guangzhou 銅
Hong Kong 銅
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 銅
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 銅
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 銅
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 銅
Macau 銅
Guangzhou (Panyu) 銅
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 銅
Guangzhou (Conghua) 銅
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 銅
Foshan 銅
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 銅
Foshan (Shunde) 銅
Foshan (Sanshui) 銅
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 銅
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 銅
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 銅
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 銅
Zhuhai (Doumen) 銅
Jiangmen (Baisha) 銅
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 銅
Taishan 銅
Kaiping (Chikan) 銅
Enping (Niujiang) 銅
Heshan (Yayao) 銅
Dongguan 銅
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 銅
Yangjiang 銅
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 銅
Gan Nanchang 銅
Hakka Meixian 銅
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 銅
Dongguan (Qingxi) 銅
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 銅
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 銅
Conghua (Lütian) 銅
Hong Kong 銅
Senai (Huiyang) 銅
Jin Taiyuan 銅
Northern Min Jian'ou 銅
Eastern Min Fuzhou 銅
Southern Min Xiamen 銅
Chaozhou 銅
Bangkok (Teochew) 銅
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 銅
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 銅
Wu Suzhou 銅
Wenzhou 銅
Xiang Changsha 銅
Shuangfeng 銅

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (銅):
  • → Japanese: 銅(どう) (dō)
  • → Korean: 동(銅) (dong)
  • → Vietnamese: đồng (銅, “copper; dong (Vietnamese currency)”) (see there for further descendants)

Others:

  • → Khmer: ទង់ (tŭəng, “bronze; red copper; alloy of copper and gold”), ថង (thɑɑng, “gold”), ទង (tɔɔng, “gold”)
  • → Lao: ທອງ (thǭng, “copper; gold; metal”)
  • → Thai: ทอง (tɔɔng, “gold”)
  • → Zhuang: doengz (“copper; brass”)

References

Japanese

Kanji
銅

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Chemical element
Cu
Previous: ニッケル (nikkeru) (ニッケル (nikkeru)) (Ni)
Next: 亜(あ)鉛(えん) (aen) (亜(あ)鉛(えん) (aen)) (Zn)
Kanji in this term
銅
どう
Grade: 5
kan’yōon

From Middle Chinese 銅 (MC duwng). Compare modern Min Nan reading tông, Wu don, Xiang dong2.

Pronunciation

Noun

銅(どう) • (dō) 

  1. copper, Cu

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
銅
あかがね
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Compound of 赤 (aka, “red”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”).[3][1] The kane changes to gane as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[3]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) あかがね [àkágáné] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [a̠ka̠ɡa̠ne̞]

Noun

銅(あかがね) • (akagane) 

  1. copper, Cu

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
銅
あか
Grade: 5
irregular

Abbreviation of akagane.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

銅(あか) • (aka) 

  1. copper, Cu

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

銅 (eumhun 구리 동 (guri dong))

  1. Hanja form? of 동 (“copper”).
  2. Hanja form? of 동 (“Vietnamese dong”).

Vietnamese

Han character

銅: Hán Việt readings: đồng
銅: Nôm readings: đòng, đồng

  1. chữ Hán form of đồng (“copper”).

References
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