swḫꜣ

Egyptian
FWOTD – 22 July 2023

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wḫꜣ (“to be foolish”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to befool, to make a fool of (someone)
    • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B1 (pAmherst 1 and pBerlin 3023) lines 312–313:












      jw {sw}⟨ws⟩f.k r tht.k jw ꜥwn-jb.k r swḫꜣ.k jw snm.k r sḫpr ḫrwyw.k
      Your neglectfulness will violate you, your greed will make a fool of you, your rapacity will bring your enemies into being.
Inflection
Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣt
 swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
swḫꜣ
 ḥr swḫꜣ
 m swḫꜣ
 r swḫꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect swḫꜣ.n
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ
 consecutive swḫꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative swḫꜣt
perfective3 swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 swḫꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy
 potentialis1 swḫꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect swḫꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5
imperfective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5
prospective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7
 — swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  

swḫꜣ swḫj

Noun

 m

  1. misspeaking or ineffectiveness in speaking (usually of spells, magic, etc.)
Inflection
Declension of swḫꜣ (masculine)
singular swḫꜣ
dual swḫꜣwj
plural swḫꜣw
Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Etymology 2

Prefixed with s- (causative prefix); the stem is perhaps wḫ (“to be dark”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

  1. (intransitive) to spend the night (+ m: in (a place))
Inflection
Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣt
 swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
swḫꜣ
 ḥr swḫꜣ
 m swḫꜣ
 r swḫꜣ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect swḫꜣ.n
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ
 consecutive swḫꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative swḫꜣt
perfective3 swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 swḫꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy
 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy
 potentialis1 swḫꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect swḫꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective swḫꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swḫꜣ
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5
imperfective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6
 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5
prospective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7
 — swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  
swḫ swḫꜣ sḫꜣ
[New Kingdom] [New Kingdom]

References
  • “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130690)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 851604)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130680)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 74.6–74.9
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 217–218
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