Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/swerkan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *swerkaną.

Verb

*swerkan[1]

to become dark

Inflection

Strong class 3
Infinitive	*swerkan
1st sg. past	*swark
3rd pl. past	*swurkun
Past ptcple	*sworkan
Infinitive	*swerkan
Genitive infin.	*swerkannjas
Dative infin.	*swerkannjē
Instrum. infin.	*swerkannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*swerku	*swark
2nd singular	*swirkiʀi	*swurkī
3rd singular	*swirkidi	*swark
1st plural	*swerkum	*swurkum
2nd plural	*swirkid	*swurkud
3rd plural	*swerkand	*swurkun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*swerkē	*swurkī
2nd singular	*swerkēs	*swurkī
3rd singular	*swerkē	*swurkī
1st plural	*swerkēm	*swurkīm
2nd plural	*swerkēþ	*swurkīd
3rd plural	*swerkēn	*swurkīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*swirk
Plural	*swirkid
	Present	Past
Participle	*swerkandī	*sworkan

Descendants

Old English: sweorcan
- Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
Old Frisian: swerka
Old Saxon: swerkan
- Middle Low German: swerken
  - Low German: swerken, schwerken
Old Dutch: *swerkan
- Middle Dutch: swerken
Old High German: swerchan

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*swerkan”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 127: “*swerkan”