Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔarḫ-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔarḫ- f

cow

Inflection

Declension of *ʔarḫ-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔarḫum

*ʔarḫāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*ʔarḫim

*ʔarḫayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*ʔarḫam

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔarḫī / *ʔarḫVya

—

*ʔarḫVni

2nd person m

*ʔarḫVka

*ʔarḫVkumā / *ʔarḫVkumay

*ʔarḫVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔarḫVki

*ʔarḫVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔarḫVšu

*ʔarḫVšumā / *ʔarḫVšumay

*ʔarḫVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔarḫVša

*ʔarḫVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔarḫuya for nom. case, *ʔarḫiya for gen. case, *ʔarḫaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔarḫ-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔarḫuka	*ʔarḫāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*ʔarḫika	*ʔarḫayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*ʔarḫaka	*ʔarḫayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔarḫ-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔarḫuki	*ʔarḫāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*ʔarḫiki	*ʔarḫayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*ʔarḫaki	*ʔarḫayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒀖 (arḫum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أَرْخ (ʔarḵ), إِرْخ (ʔirḵ)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Ammonite: 𐤀𐤓𐤇 (ʾrḥ)
    - Imperial Aramaic: [Demotic needed] (ʔrḫ)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎗𐎃 (ảrḫ)
- Modern South Arabian:
  - Soqotri: ʔarḥ
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Tigrinya: ኣርሒ (ʾarḥi), ኣርሓ (ʾarḥa)

References

Militarev, Alexander, Kogan, Leonid (2005) “*ˀarḫ-”, in Semitic Etymological Dictionary, volume II: Animal Names, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 16–17, Nr. 12

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